Introduction
Infertility is when the couple fails to achieve pregnancy for one year or more after unprotected sex. It can be due to many factors, such as bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. Other factors include genetic factors, medications, environmental toxins, systemic diseases, low sperm production, and tubal blockage. Infertility is the world's most common problem related to the male and female reproductive systems. However, infectious diseases are more responsible for infertility. In addition, infertility can impair people's economic and psychological behavior, resulting in trauma or stress. It can affect both sexes and all age groups. The calculation of male infertility is very challenging for several reasons. During the survey, the couples interviewed and the female partners who wished to have children without unprotected sex found it a difficult task. Around fifteen percent of the world's population is affected by infertility. Males are more likely to be infertile than females. Infertility is a common problem in both developed and developing countries. In developing countries, the burden of male infertility is more due to low medical resources, poor medical conditions, and the high cost of treatment.
What Is Male Infertility?
Male infertility refers to a male who cannot make a female pregnant. There may be an alteration in sperm count and motility. It may be due to less semen production and semen quality. Various infections like sexually transmitted diseases and infectious diseases can also lead to male infertility.
What Is the Global Incidence of Infertility?
Worldwide, around seventy-two million people experience fertility issues. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around sixty to eighty million people have infertility worldwide. It varies in different countries and affects around fifteen percent of people. Moreover, infertility is increasing in several populations. About ten percent of people in the United States are infertile and unable to conceive after one year. Worldwide, the fertility rate in men has decreased by fifteen percent, and the age involved is younger than thirty years. According to the National Health Statistics, in 1982, the infertility rate increased from 4.5 million to 6.7 million, 7.26 million in 2002, and decreased to 6.71 million from 2006 to 2010.
What Is the Incidence of Infertility in India?
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the prevalence of infertility ranges from four percent to seventeen percent. In addition, the infertility rates vary among different states of India, from four percent in Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh, five percent in Andhra Pradesh, and fifteen percent in Kashmir. Furthermore, the rate of infertility varies based on the castes and tribes in the different states of India. Male infertility is not reported as female infertility because of the cultural differences and dominance of the males.
Around forty percent of females are affected by infertility, and forty percent of males are affected. Twenty percent of both sexes are affected. According to WHO, 20 percent of males, 30 percent of females, and 25 percent were involved in both sex, and 15 percent of a single partner engaged in infertility. In India, around 50 percent of male infertility is due to reproductive disorders and anomalies.
Why Is There a Rise in Male Infertility?
The decline in sperm quality, count, and motility can lead to male infertility. However, geographically, the incidence of male infertility is more due to sperm quality than sperm count. In addition, it may be due to nutritional, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The incidence of abnormalities of the male genital tract and testicular cancers is increasing in various countries.
What Are the Global Trends of Male Infertility?
The global incidence of male infertility depends on the studies done by the researchers. Globally, 12 to 15 percent of couples. Concerning male infertility, the exact prevalence of the condition is doubtful because of the not reporting condition. In 1980, there was an increase in male infertility cases due to semen quality. However, according to the survey done in 1992, there was no previous history of male infertility. Between 1940 and 1990, the male sperm count in healthy men declined by 1.2 percent per year. In 2000, a research study was done, and the results showed a decline in sperm count.
According to the France study done between 1988 to 2007, around 1.5 percent of people showed a decrease in sperm count, and 5.5 percent showed sperm motility. The sperm count declined by 52 percent between 1973 and 2018. Male infertility can range between three percent to 13 percent. 4.5 percent of people are affected in North America, 9 percent in Australia, 42.4 percent in Nigeria, 6.4 percent in Siberia, and 12 percent in Europe. Infertile males are more prone to develop testicular cancer.
What Are the Trends of Male Infertility in India?
Only male fertility is documented in India, and male infertility is not appropriately reported. However, the research study conducted in India showed around a thirty percent decline in sperm count and a 23 percent decrease in sperm motility and morphology. The incidence of an increase in sperm morphological abnormalities can result in impairment of spermatogenesis. According to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) doctors, around 12 to 18 million/ml. These are due to the temperature exposure from the laptops, dryers, welders, and steel and cement factories. The increase in environmental heat can raise the temperature of the scrotum and cause an impact on sperm production.
A study conducted in Calcutta between 1981 to 1985 and 2000 to 2006 showed a decline in sperm motility and semen volume. Aging is an essential factor in the reduction of sperm count. Around 90 percent of seminiferous tubules contain spermatids at 20 to 30 years of age and decline to 50 percent at 40 to 50 years of age. Men aged more than eighty years comprise only ten percent of spermatids.
Conclusion:
Male infertility is the most common problem that the world faces. It can affect the psychological and physical health of couples. It can be due to many reasons, including infections, workplace heat exposure, and in-utero exposures. Male infertility is increasing more in developing countries, including India. Therefore, it needs to look for the cause of the factors that rise in the trends of male factor infertility. The issue to be researched is to decrease the prevalence of the condition. In the future, healthcare providers, including doctors, nurses, surveyors, and researchers, need to work together to reduce religious and cultural beliefs and create societal awareness.
